Research Index
TB-500 Research Index
PSI surfaces 50 peer-reviewed studies on TB-500, prioritized by evidence strength: human clinical research first, then animal studies. The full historical archive is linked below on PubMed.
50 studies
Recombinant human Thymosin β4 ameliorates experimental colitis and intestinal fibrosis through suppression of mineralocorticoid receptor signaling.
Zhao TR, Hu EB, Wang MW et al.
Mol Biomed·2026·Animal·GI Protection·PubMed →
Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine.
Tewari K, Liu TP, Im C et al.
Am J Sports Med·2026·Animal·PubMed →
Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study.
Biçer O, Adanir O, Güleryüz Y et al.
Jt Dis Relat Surg·2026·Animal·Tendon & Ligament, Wound Healing·PubMed →
[Thymosin β4 inhibits pyroptosis in BV2 microglial cells: a mechanistic study in vitro].
Li YX, Chen CL, Zheng SD et al.
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi·2026·Animal·PubMed →
Dysregulation of circulating damage-associated molecular patterns in diabetic foot syndrome.
Uyy E, Suica VI, Ivan L et al.
Front Immunol·2026·Animal·Glycemic Control·PubMed →
Understanding the effects of ciprofloxacin on corneal epithelial cells: a study using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technology.
Banga L, Shawky M, Ebrahim F et al.
Exp Eye Res·2026·Animal·Antimicrobial, Wound Healing·PubMed →
Thymosin β4 alleviates sepsis-associated acute kidney injury by suppressing MAPK signaling pathway.
Ouyang X, Long Z, Xu X et al.
Clin Sci (Lond)·2026·Animal·PubMed →
PEGylated thymosin β4 is a thiol-site-specific prodrug treating myocardial infarction in vivo.
Peng H, Chai Y, Gong C et al.
Bioeng Transl Med·2026·Animal·PubMed →
Recombinant Human Thymosin β4 Attenuates Endotoxemia-Induced ALI and EAE by Suppressing Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses.
Ye Y, Yang X, Liu Y et al.
Biomolecules·2026·Animal·Anti-Inflammatory·PubMed →
Reparative Outcomes in Corneal Infection: Linking Adjunctive Tβ4 Treatment to Nerve Regeneration and Visual Function.
Ebrahim AS, Liu L, Carion TW et al.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci·2026·Animal·Antimicrobial·PubMed →
Zinc Coordination by Thymosin β4: Structural Determinants and Functional Implications.
Lachowicz JI, Congiu T, Salis A et al.
Int J Mol Sci·2026·Animal·PubMed →
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Secretome of Control and BRAF/MEK Inhibitor-Resistant Melanoma Cells.
Simiczyjew A, Surman M, Kot M et al.
J Proteome Res·2026·Animal·PubMed →
Decidualization-empowered ECM hydrogel integrating sustained Tβ4 release drives endometrial regeneration in intrauterine adhesions.
Liang Y, Yu Z, Du S et al.
Nat Commun·2026·Animal·Tissue Remodeling·PubMed →
A revised model of nuclear actin import: Importin 9 competes with cofilin, profilin, and RanGTP for actin binding.
Keplinger AJ, Srinivasan PA, Christensen SM et al.
J Biol Chem·2026·Animal·PubMed →
Thymosin β4-derived peptides alleviate neuroinflammation and neurite atrophy in both in vitro models and in vivo 5 × FAD mice: A potential therapy for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease.
Ou H, Chen R, Zhou L et al.
Int Immunopharmacol·2026·Animal·Neuroprotection, Cognitive Enhancement, Anti-Inflammatory·PubMed →
Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.
Zhang Y, Dong Q, Bian X et al.
Cardiovasc Res·2025·Human·PubMed →
The Prognostic Significance of TMSB4X in Glioma Patients.
Li S, Fan T, Hao Z et al.
Int J Gen Med·2025·Human·PubMed →
Thymosin β4 stabilizes hypoxia induced brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction through S1PR1 dependent mechanisms.
Stewart WG, Hejl CD, Guleria RS et al.
Sci Rep·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Thymosin β4 released by mast cells under stress conditions impairs intestinal epithelial barrier via IL22RA1/JAK1/STAT3 signaling in irritable bowel syndrome.
Sun YS, Bai XQ, Sun KD et al.
World J Gastroenterol·2025·Animal·GI Protection·PubMed →
Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing.
Nguyen J, Verma S, Vuong VT et al.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci·2025·Animal·Wound Healing·PubMed →
Tβ4-17 peptide enhances the chemo-sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP by affecting NF-κB signaling pathway.
Guo L, Wang H, Li N et al.
Med Oncol·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.
Jin Z, Li H, Li J et al.
Cell Signal·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Electron Capture Dissociation for Discovery Top-Down Proteomics of Peptides and Small Proteins on Chromatographic Time Scales.
Manly LS, Roberts AM, Beckman JS et al.
J Am Soc Mass Spectrom·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids.
Zeng PM, Sun XY, Li Y et al.
Stem Cell Reports·2025·Animal·Neuroprotection·PubMed →
Comparative effects of dietary sodium butyrate and tributyrin on broiler chickens' performance, gene expression, intestinal histomorphometry, blood indices, and litter.
Ismael E, Kamel S, Elleithy EMM et al.
Sci Rep·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Injectable Thymosin β4-Modified Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel with Exosomes for Stem Cell Homing and Neuronic-Angiogenic-Osteogenic Coupled Cranial Repair.
Xi Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Z et al.
ACS Nano·2025·Animal·Tissue Remodeling·PubMed →
Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals.
Maar K, Thatcher JE, Karpov E et al.
Int J Mol Sci·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization.
Zhu Z, Liao Y, Mou Q et al.
J Inflamm Res·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing.
Ding Y, Wang J, Li J et al.
Adv Sci (Weinh)·2025·Animal·Longevity, Wound Healing·PubMed →
Living myocardial slices as a model for testing cardiac pro-reparative gene therapies.
Caliandro R, Husetić A, Ligtermoet ML et al.
Mol Ther·2025·Animal·Tissue Remodeling·PubMed →
Study of Intracellular Peptides of the Central Nervous System of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a Parkinson's Disease Model.
Fiametti LO, Franco CA, Nunes LOC et al.
Int J Mol Sci·2025·Animal·Neuroprotection·PubMed →
Retraction: The role of thymosin beta 4 on odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp cells.
PLOS One Editors
PLoS One·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells alleviate allergic asthma via airway epithelial cell-dependent thymosin β4 expression.
Li Y, Chen Z, Han M et al.
J Allergy Clin Immunol·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Exploring the Relationship Between Thymosin β4 Protein and First Myocardial Infarction on the Basis of Proteomics.
Lu Z, Liu Q, Fan Y et al.
J Am Heart Assoc·2025·Animal·PubMed →
CCN5 suppresses injury-induced vascular restenosis by inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and facilitating endothelial repair via thymosin β4 and Cd9 pathway.
Zhang Q, Li H, Zhuang T et al.
Eur Heart J·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Identification of glutamine as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye disease.
Chen X, Zhang C, Peng F et al.
Signal Transduct Target Ther·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.
Zhang X, Lin Y, Li H et al.
Free Radic Biol Med·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Inhaled exogenous thymosin beta 4 suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via TGF-β1 signalling pathway.
Yu R, Li S, Chen L et al.
J Pharm Pharmacol·2025·Animal·Tissue Remodeling·PubMed →
Association of serum thymosin β4 with malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.
Tian J, Zhang R, Zhu N et al.
Ren Fail·2023·Human·Anti-Inflammatory, Cardiovascular Risk·PubMed →
Hypermethylation of thymosin β4 predicts a poor prognosis for patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure.
Wang H, Yin YP, Wang ZL et al.
Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int·2023·Human·PubMed →
Hypomethylation of thymosin β4 promoter is associated with glucocorticoid therapy in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B-induced liver failure.
Wang H, Qian Y, Wang JW et al.
Int Health·2023·Human·PubMed →
Role of Thymosin Beta 4 in the diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and its relation to Metabolic Syndrome in Egyptian patients.
Ahmed AE, Ibrahim WA, Nabil ZM et al.
Egypt J Immunol·2022·Human·Glycemic Control, Metabolic Syndrome, Liver Fat (MASLD)·PubMed →
Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells.
Su L, Kong X, Loo S et al.
Stem Cell Res Ther·2022·Human·Glycemic Control·PubMed →
Fetal programming of atherosclerosis: may the barker hypothesis explain the susceptibility of a subset of patients to develop stroke or cardiac infarct?
Gerosa C, Faa G, Fanni D et al.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci·2021·Human·Cardiovascular Risk·PubMed →
Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study.
Zhang J, Long M, Sun Z et al.
Int Immunopharmacol·2021·Human·PubMed →
A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Wang X, Liu L, Qi L et al.
J Cell Mol Med·2021·Human·PubMed →
Acupuncture Regulates Serum Differentially Expressed Proteins in Patients with Chronic Atrophic Gastritis: A Quantitative iTRAQ Proteomics Study.
Li F, Yang B, Liu Y et al.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med·2021·Human·PubMed →
Identification of altered protein expression in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder patients using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Kim H, Rhee SJ, Lee H et al.
Psychiatry Res·2021·Human·PubMed →
Logistic regression analysis of environmental and other variables and incidences of tuberculosis in respiratory patients.
Pathak AK, Sharma M, Katiyar SK et al.
Sci Rep·2020·Human·PubMed →
F-Actin is associated with a worsening qSOFA score and intensive care unit admission in emergency department patients at risk for sepsis.
Belsky JB, Filbin MR, Rivers EP et al.
Biomarkers·2020·Human·Anti-Inflammatory·PubMed →