Research Index
TB-500 Research Index
PSI surfaces 50 peer-reviewed studies on TB-500, prioritized by evidence strength: human clinical research first, then animal studies. The full historical archive is linked below on PubMed.
50 studies
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Secretome of Control and BRAF/MEK Inhibitor-Resistant Melanoma Cells.
Simiczyjew A, Surman M, Kot M et al.
J Proteome Res·2026·Animal·PubMed →
A revised model of nuclear actin import: Importin 9 competes with cofilin, profilin, and RanGTP for actin binding.
Keplinger AJ, Srinivasan PA, Christensen SM et al.
J Biol Chem·2026·Animal·PubMed →
Thymosin β4-derived peptides alleviate neuroinflammation and neurite atrophy in both in vitro models and in vivo 5 × FAD mice: A potential therapy for memory improvement in Alzheimer's disease.
Ou H, Chen R, Zhou L et al.
Int Immunopharmacol·2026·Animal·Neuroprotection, Cognitive Enhancement, Anti-Inflammatory·PubMed →
Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.
Zhang Y, Dong Q, Bian X et al.
Cardiovasc Res·2025·Human·PubMed →
The Prognostic Significance of TMSB4X in Glioma Patients.
Li S, Fan T, Hao Z et al.
Int J Gen Med·2025·Human·PubMed →
Thymosin β4 stabilizes hypoxia induced brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction through S1PR1 dependent mechanisms.
Stewart WG, Hejl CD, Guleria RS et al.
Sci Rep·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Thymosin β4 released by mast cells under stress conditions impairs intestinal epithelial barrier via IL22RA1/JAK1/STAT3 signaling in irritable bowel syndrome.
Sun YS, Bai XQ, Sun KD et al.
World J Gastroenterol·2025·Animal·GI Protection·PubMed →
Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing.
Nguyen J, Verma S, Vuong VT et al.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci·2025·Animal·Wound Healing·PubMed →
Tβ4-17 peptide enhances the chemo-sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP by affecting NF-κB signaling pathway.
Guo L, Wang H, Li N et al.
Med Oncol·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.
Jin Z, Li H, Li J et al.
Cell Signal·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Electron Capture Dissociation for Discovery Top-Down Proteomics of Peptides and Small Proteins on Chromatographic Time Scales.
Manly LS, Roberts AM, Beckman JS et al.
J Am Soc Mass Spectrom·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids.
Zeng PM, Sun XY, Li Y et al.
Stem Cell Reports·2025·Animal·Neuroprotection·PubMed →
Comparative effects of dietary sodium butyrate and tributyrin on broiler chickens' performance, gene expression, intestinal histomorphometry, blood indices, and litter.
Ismael E, Kamel S, Elleithy EMM et al.
Sci Rep·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Injectable Thymosin β4-Modified Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel with Exosomes for Stem Cell Homing and Neuronic-Angiogenic-Osteogenic Coupled Cranial Repair.
Xi Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Z et al.
ACS Nano·2025·Animal·Tissue Remodeling·PubMed →
Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals.
Maar K, Thatcher JE, Karpov E et al.
Int J Mol Sci·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization.
Zhu Z, Liao Y, Mou Q et al.
J Inflamm Res·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing.
Ding Y, Wang J, Li J et al.
Adv Sci (Weinh)·2025·Animal·Longevity, Wound Healing·PubMed →
Living myocardial slices as a model for testing cardiac pro-reparative gene therapies.
Caliandro R, Husetić A, Ligtermoet ML et al.
Mol Ther·2025·Animal·Tissue Remodeling·PubMed →
Study of Intracellular Peptides of the Central Nervous System of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a Parkinson's Disease Model.
Fiametti LO, Franco CA, Nunes LOC et al.
Int J Mol Sci·2025·Animal·Neuroprotection·PubMed →
Retraction: The role of thymosin beta 4 on odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp cells.
PLOS One Editors
PLoS One·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells alleviate allergic asthma via airway epithelial cell-dependent thymosin β4 expression.
Li Y, Chen Z, Han M et al.
J Allergy Clin Immunol·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Exploring the Relationship Between Thymosin β4 Protein and First Myocardial Infarction on the Basis of Proteomics.
Lu Z, Liu Q, Fan Y et al.
J Am Heart Assoc·2025·Animal·PubMed →
CCN5 suppresses injury-induced vascular restenosis by inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and facilitating endothelial repair via thymosin β4 and Cd9 pathway.
Zhang Q, Li H, Zhuang T et al.
Eur Heart J·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Identification of glutamine as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye disease.
Chen X, Zhang C, Peng F et al.
Signal Transduct Target Ther·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.
Zhang X, Lin Y, Li H et al.
Free Radic Biol Med·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Inhaled exogenous thymosin beta 4 suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via TGF-β1 signalling pathway.
Yu R, Li S, Chen L et al.
J Pharm Pharmacol·2025·Animal·Tissue Remodeling·PubMed →
Proteomic analysis of the human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell secretome by integrated approaches via filter-aided sample preparation.
Muntiu A, Papait A, Vincenzoni F et al.
J Proteomics·2025·Animal·PubMed →
Equine Doping Controls of Thymosin β 4: A Population Study and Strategy for Misuse Detection.
Delcourt V, Garcia P, Chabot B et al.
Drug Test Anal·2025·Animal·PubMed →
TMSB4X is a regulator of inflammation-associated ferroptosis, and promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Tang L, Jin Y, Wang J et al.
Discov Oncol·2024·Animal·PubMed →
Thymosin β4 promotes zebrafish Mauthner axon regeneration by facilitating actin polymerization through binding to G-actin.
Song Z, Han A, Hu B
BMC Biol·2024·Animal·PubMed →
Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4 during Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis.
Wang Y, Banga L, Ebrahim AS et al.
Front Immunol·2024·Animal·PubMed →
Therapeutic potential of thymosin beta 4 in a variety of diseases.
Ye C, Dai Q, Deng L et al.
Asian J Surg·2024·Animal·PubMed →
The subcommissural organ regulates brain development via secreted peptides.
Zhang T, Ai D, Wei P et al.
Nat Neurosci·2024·Animal·PubMed →
Small Spleen Peptides (SSPs) Shape Dendritic Cell Differentiation through Modulation of Extracellular ATP Synthesis Profile.
Wixler V, Leite Dantas R, Varga G et al.
Biomolecules·2024·Animal·PubMed →
The subcommissural organ regulates brain development via secreted peptides.
Zhang T, Ai D, Wei P et al.
bioRxiv·2024·Animal·Neuroprotection·PubMed →
The fascinating theory of fetal programming of adult diseases: A review of the fundamentals of the Barker hypothesis.
Faa G, Fanos V, Manchia M et al.
J Public Health Res·2024·Animal·PubMed →
In Vitro Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Promoting Transplanted Fat Survival by Regulating Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.
Li W, Yang Y, Lin Y et al.
Aesthetic Plast Surg·2024·Animal·PubMed →
Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro.
Rahaman KA, Muresan AR, Min H et al.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci·2024·Animal·Wound Healing·PubMed →
Thymosin β4 Regulates the Differentiation of Thymocytes by Controlling the Cytoskeletal Rearrangement and Mitochondrial Transfer of Thymus Epithelial Cells.
Ying Y, Tao N, Zhang F et al.
Int J Mol Sci·2024·Animal·PubMed →
Association of serum thymosin β4 with malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.
Tian J, Zhang R, Zhu N et al.
Ren Fail·2023·Human·Anti-Inflammatory, Cardiovascular Risk·PubMed →
Hypermethylation of thymosin β4 predicts a poor prognosis for patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure.
Wang H, Yin YP, Wang ZL et al.
Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int·2023·Human·PubMed →
Hypomethylation of thymosin β4 promoter is associated with glucocorticoid therapy in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B-induced liver failure.
Wang H, Qian Y, Wang JW et al.
Int Health·2023·Human·PubMed →
Role of Thymosin Beta 4 in the diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and its relation to Metabolic Syndrome in Egyptian patients.
Ahmed AE, Ibrahim WA, Nabil ZM et al.
Egypt J Immunol·2022·Human·Glycemic Control, Metabolic Syndrome, Liver Fat (MASLD)·PubMed →
Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells.
Su L, Kong X, Loo S et al.
Stem Cell Res Ther·2022·Human·Glycemic Control·PubMed →
Fetal programming of atherosclerosis: may the barker hypothesis explain the susceptibility of a subset of patients to develop stroke or cardiac infarct?
Gerosa C, Faa G, Fanni D et al.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci·2021·Human·Cardiovascular Risk·PubMed →
Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study.
Zhang J, Long M, Sun Z et al.
Int Immunopharmacol·2021·Human·PubMed →
A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Wang X, Liu L, Qi L et al.
J Cell Mol Med·2021·Human·PubMed →
Acupuncture Regulates Serum Differentially Expressed Proteins in Patients with Chronic Atrophic Gastritis: A Quantitative iTRAQ Proteomics Study.
Li F, Yang B, Liu Y et al.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med·2021·Human·PubMed →
Identification of altered protein expression in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder patients using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Kim H, Rhee SJ, Lee H et al.
Psychiatry Res·2021·Human·PubMed →
F-Actin is associated with a worsening qSOFA score and intensive care unit admission in emergency department patients at risk for sepsis.
Belsky JB, Filbin MR, Rivers EP et al.
Biomarkers·2020·Human·Anti-Inflammatory·PubMed →