Research Index
GDF-15 Research Index
PSI surfaces 63 peer-reviewed studies on GDF-15, prioritized by evidence strength: human clinical research first, then animal studies. The full historical archive is linked below on PubMed.
63 studies
The emerging landscape of performance-enhancing peptides modulating GH-IGF1 axis: bridging the gap between clinical evidence and patient self-administration.
Dominikowski A, Rękoś Z, Olejarz M et al.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)·2026·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Possible Involvement of Hypothalamic Dysfunction in Long COVID Patients Characterized by Delayed Response to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone.
Otsuka Y, Soejima Y, Nakano Y et al.
Int J Mol Sci·2026·Human·PubMed →
Association between overweight and growth hormone secretion in patients with non-functioning pituitary tumors.
Seki Y, Ichihara A
PLoS One·2022·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
ICAM1-Negative Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Pituitary Gland: A Case Report and Literature Review.
Naito K, Suzuki S, Ohwada C et al.
AACE Clin Case Rep·2021·Human·PubMed →
Refractory hypoglycaemia in a localised gastrointestinal stromal tumour: Case report.
Dhali A, Ray S, Dhali GK et al.
Int J Surg Case Rep·2021·Human·PubMed →
Preoperative growth hormone (GH) peak values during a GH releasing peptide-2 test reflect the severity of hypopituitarism and the postoperative recovery of GH secretion in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas.
Soga A, Fukuda I, Kobayashi S et al.
Endocr J·2020·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Idiopathic and isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency presenting as continuous epigastric discomfort without symptoms of hypoglycemia: a case report.
Okauchi S, Tatsumi F, Kan Y et al.
J Med Case Rep·2019·Human·Anti-Inflammatory·PubMed →
Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency Following Nivolumab Therapy in a Patient with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Seki T, Yasuda A, Oki M et al.
Tokai J Exp Clin Med·2017·Human·PubMed →
Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Resolves Low GHRP-2-Stimulated Growth Hormone Levels in Obese Patients.
Ohara E, Tokuyama H, Kitamoto T et al.
Obes Surg·2017·Human·GH Activity, Weight Loss·PubMed →
Investigation of the clinical significance of the growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test for the diagnosis of secondary adrenal failure.
Arimura H, Hashiguchi H, Yamamoto K et al.
Endocr J·2016·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Effects of GHRP-2 and Cysteamine Administration on Growth Performance, Somatotropic Axis Hormone and Muscle Protein Deposition in Yaks (Bos grunniens) with Growth Retardation.
Hu R, Wang Z, Peng Q et al.
PLoS One·2016·Human·Weight Loss, GH Activity, Muscle Recovery·PubMed →
One-year intranasal application of growth hormone releasing peptide-2 improves body weight and hypoglycemia in a severely emaciated anorexia nervosa patient.
Haruta I, Fuku Y, Kinoshita K et al.
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle·2015·Human·PubMed →
Estradiol regulates GH-releasing peptide's interactions with GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin in postmenopausal women.
Norman C, Rollene NL, Erickson D et al.
Eur J Endocrinol·2014·Human·Weight Loss, GH Activity·PubMed →
Differential pulsatile secretagogue control of GH secretion in healthy men.
Norman C, Miles J, Bowers CY et al.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol·2013·Human·Weight Loss, GH Activity·PubMed →
Urinary growth hormone level and insulin-like growth factor-1 standard deviation score (IGF-SDS) can discriminate adult patients with severe growth hormone deficiency.
Hirohata T, Saito N, Takano K et al.
Endocr J·2013·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
The arginine and GHRP-2 tests as alternatives to the insulin tolerance test for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency in Japanese patients: a comparison.
Kinoshita Y, Tominaga A, Usui S et al.
Endocr J·2013·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Regulated recovery of pulsatile growth hormone secretion from negative feedback: a preclinical investigation.
Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol·2011·Human·Weight Loss, GH Activity·PubMed →
Gender, sex-steroid, and secretagogue-selective recovery from growth hormone-induced feedback in older women and men.
Veldhuis JD, Erickson D, Wigham J et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2011·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Complex regulation of GH autofeedback under dual-peptide drive: studies under a pharmacological GH and sex steroid clamp.
Veldhuis JD, Erickson D, Miles JM et al.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab·2011·Human·Weight Loss, GH Activity·PubMed →
Concordant and discordant adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) responses induced by growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in patients with hypothalamopituitary disorders: evidence for direct ACTH releasing activity of GHRP-2.
Kimura T, Shimatsu A, Arimura H et al.
Endocr J·2010·Human·PubMed →
Secretagogue type, sex-steroid milieu, and abdominal visceral adiposity individually determine secretagogue-stimulated cortisol secretion.
Iranmanesh A, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD
Eur J Endocrinol·2010·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Comparison of pituitary-adrenal responsiveness between insulin tolerance test and growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test: a pilot study.
Kano T, Sugihara H, Sudo M et al.
Peptides·2010·Human·PubMed →
Pre- versus postmenopausal age, estradiol, and peptide-secretagogue type determine pulsatile growth hormone secretion in healthy women: studies using submaximal agonist drive and an estrogen clamp.
Hudson SB, Schroeder DR, Bailey JN et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2010·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Exaggerated response of adrenocorticotropic hormone to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 test in Cushing's disease. Case report.
Sakihara S, Kageyama K, Matsumoto A et al.
Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)·2009·Human·PubMed →
Relative effects of estrogen, age, and visceral fat on pulsatile growth hormone secretion in healthy women.
Veldhuis JD, Hudson SB, Erickson D et al.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab·2009·Human·Longevity, GH Activity·PubMed →
Preservation of GHRH and GH-releasing peptide-2 efficacy in young men with experimentally induced hypogonadism.
Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Bailey JN et al.
Eur J Endocrinol·2009·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Factors other than sex steroids modulate GHRH and GHRP-2 efficacies in men: evaluation using a GnRH agonist/testosterone clamp.
Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2009·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Novel relationships of age, visceral adiposity, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein concentrations to growth hormone (GH) releasing-hormone and GH releasing-peptide efficacies in men during experimental hypogonadal clamp.
Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Bailey JN et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2009·Human·Longevity, GH Activity·PubMed →
Determinants of GH-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide synergy in men.
Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab·2009·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Aromatase and 5alpha-reductase inhibition during an exogenous testosterone clamp unveils selective sex steroid modulation of somatostatin and growth hormone secretagogue actions in healthy older men.
Veldhuis JD, Mielke KL, Cosma M et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2009·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Secretagogues govern GH secretory-burst waveform and mass in healthy eugonadal and short-term hypogonadal men.
Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM
Eur J Endocrinol·2008·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Gonadal status and body mass index jointly determine growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone/GH-releasing peptide synergy in healthy men.
Paulo RC, Cosma M, Soares-Welch C et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2008·Human·Weight Loss, GH Activity·PubMed →
Peripheral estrogen receptor-alpha selectively modulates the waveform of GH secretory bursts in healthy women.
Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Bowers CY
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol·2007·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
A simple diagnostic test using GH-releasing peptide-2 in adult GH deficiency.
Chihara K, Shimatsu A, Hizuka N et al.
Eur J Endocrinol·2007·Human·PubMed →
Estimation of the size and shape of GH secretory bursts in healthy women using a physiological estradiol clamp and variable-waveform deconvolution model.
Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Bowers CY
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol·2007·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Tripartite control of growth hormone secretion in women during controlled estradiol repletion.
Veldhuis JD, Cosma M, Erickson D et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2007·Human·Longevity, GH Activity·PubMed →
GH response to hypoglycemia and clonidine in the GH-releasing hormone resistance syndrome.
Salvatori R, Serpa MG, Parmigiani G et al.
J Endocrinol Invest·2006·Human·Glycemic Control, GH Activity·PubMed →
Obese subjects respond to the stimulatory effect of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 on food intake.
Laferrère B, Hart AB, Bowers CY
Obesity (Silver Spring)·2006·Human·Appetite Regulation, GH Activity, Weight Loss·PubMed →
Testosterone supplementation in healthy older men drives GH and IGF-I secretion without potentiating peptidyl secretagogue efficacy.
Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, Mielke K et al.
Eur J Endocrinol·2005·Human·Longevity, GH Activity·PubMed →
Short-term testosterone supplementation does not activate GH and IGF-I production in postmenopausal women.
Soares-Welch C, Mielke KL, Bowers CY et al.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)·2005·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Joint mechanisms of impaired growth-hormone pulse renewal in aging men.
Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Bowers CY
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2005·Human·Longevity, GH Activity·PubMed →
Determinants of dual secretagogue drive of burst-like growth hormone secretion in premenopausal women studied under a selective estradiol clamp.
Erickson D, Keenan DM, Farhy L et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2005·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Contributions of gender and systemic estradiol and testosterone concentrations to maximal secretagogue drive of burst-like growth hormone secretion in healthy middle-aged and older adults.
Veldhuis JD, Patrie JT, Brill KT et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2004·Human·Longevity, GH Activity·PubMed →
Activation of somatostatin-receptor subtype-2/-5 suppresses the mass, frequency, and irregularity of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-2-stimulated GH secretion in men.
Iranmanesh A, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2004·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Short-term testosterone supplementation relieves growth hormone autonegative feedback in men.
Veldhuis JD, Evans WS, Iranmanesh A et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2004·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Changes in appetite and body weight in response to long-term oral administration of the ghrelin agonist GHRP-2 in growth hormone deficient children.
Mericq V, Cassorla F, Bowers CY et al.
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab·2003·Human·Appetite Regulation, Weight Loss, GH Activity·PubMed →
Pulsatile and nocturnal growth hormone secretions in men do not require periodic declines of somatostatin.
Dimaraki EV, Jaffe CA, Bowers CY et al.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab·2003·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
The combined administration of GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), TRH and GnRH to men with prolonged critical illness evokes superior endocrine and metabolic effects compared to treatment with GHRP-2 alone.
Van den Berghe G, Baxter RC, Weekers F et al.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)·2002·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Impact of estradiol supplementation on dual peptidyl drive of GH secretion in postmenopausal women.
Veldhuis JD, Evans WS, Bowers CY
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2002·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
E2 supplementation selectively relieves GH's autonegative feedback on GH-releasing peptide-2-stimulated GH secretion.
Anderson SM, Wideman L, Patrie JT et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2001·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 stimulates GH secretion in GH-deficient patients with mutated GH-releasing hormone receptor.
Gondo RG, Aguiar-Oliveira MH, Hayashida CY et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2001·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Growth hormone (GH) secretion in patients with an inactivating defect of the GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor is pulsatile: evidence for a role for non-GHRH inputs into the generation of GH pulses.
Roelfsema F, Biermasz NR, Veldman RG et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2001·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 response to acute and chronic growth hormone-releasing peptide-2, growth hormone-releasing hormone 1-44NH2 and in combination in older men and women with decreased growth hormone secretion.
Bowers CY, Granda-Ayala R
Endocrine·2001·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Reduction of free fatty acids by acipimox enhances the growth hormone (GH) responses to GH-releasing peptide 2 in elderly men.
Van Dam PS, Smid HE, de Vries WR et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2000·Human·Glycemic Control, GH Activity, Weight Loss·PubMed →
Synergy of L-arginine and GHRP-2 stimulation of growth hormone in men and women: modulation by exercise.
Wideman L, Weltman JY, Patrie JT et al.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol·2000·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Synergy of L-arginine and growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-2 on GH release: influence of gender.
Wideman L, Weltman JY, Patrie JT et al.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol·2000·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Oral estradiol administration modulates continuous intravenous growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-2-driven GH secretion in postmenopausal women.
Shah N, Evans WS, Bowers CY et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2000·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
A paradoxical gender dissociation within the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis during protracted critical illness.
Van den Berghe G, Baxter RC, Weekers F et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·2000·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Tripartite neuroendocrine activation of the human growth hormone (GH) axis in women by continuous 24-hour GH-releasing peptide infusion: pulsatile, entropic, and nyctohemeral mechanisms.
Shah N, Evans WS, Bowers CY et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·1999·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Preservation of growth hormone secretion in response to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 during prednisone therapy.
Meacham LR, Culler FL, Abdul-Latif H et al.
Metabolism·1999·Human·Anti-Inflammatory, GH Activity·PubMed →
Reactivation of pituitary hormone release and metabolic improvement by infusion of growth hormone-releasing peptide and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with protracted critical illness.
Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab·1999·Human·Bone Healing, GH Activity·PubMed →
Tyr-Ala-Hexarelin, a synthetic octapeptide, possesses the same endocrine activities of Hexarelin and GHRP-2 in humans.
Arvat E, Di Vito L, Lanfranco F et al.
J Endocrinol Invest·1999·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →
Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 infusion synchronizes growth hormone, thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness.
Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Bowers CY et al.
Eur J Endocrinol·1999·Human·GH Activity·PubMed →